International Journal of Mental Health Promotion. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1997). doi:10.1002/nur.4770160209. (1991). The Child PTSD Symptom ScaleInterview Version for DSM-5. Three measures (8.82%) hinted at acceptable levels of agreement but did not offer sufficient information for which they scored 1. Manual includes information about administration, scoring, and interpretation procedures . (2010) referred to measures of PSE but explained that they preferred the term confidence to ease the readers understanding. Clinical Nursing Research, 1(4), 336346. Pain Catastrophizing Scale | RehabMeasures Database )UmB7;z@mf`H3S 2! 2004). The PSI has been used in numerous randomized trials of treatments for disruptive disorder including Webster-Strattons treatment (e.g., Webster- Stratton & Hammond, 1997, Webster-Stratton, Hollinsworth, & Kolpakoff, 1989) and Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (e.g., Bagner & Eyberg, 2003; Nixon, Sweeney, Erickson, & Touyz, 2003; Nixon, Sweeney, Erickson, & Touyz, 2004). This measure assesses three areas of stress in the parent-child relationship: (a) child characteristics, (b) parent characteristics, and (c) stress stemming from situational or demographic conditions. For a score of 3, reliability agreement should be assessed (test-retest or split-half) AND the authors should present one or more of the following: the limits of agreement (LOA), Kappa, Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), evidence that the minimal important change (MIC) is less than the smallest detectable change (SDC), or that the MIC is outside the LOA, or some other convincing argument that agreement is acceptable. stream Campis, L. K., Lyman, R. D., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (1986). Eighteen of the measures (52.94%) received the highest rating of 3 for content validity (indicating that the measurement aim, target population, concepts being measured and process of item selection were clearly described by the authors, and that the target population were involved in item selection as well as experts). For use with the Scoring and Interpretation Software (W-293U). 0000098252 00000 n Two measures, the KPCS and the Maternal Confidence Questionnaire (MCQ, Zahr 1991), included some but insufficient information to determine administration time, resulting in a score of 1. Coleman and Karraker (1998) identified eight measures of PSE and provided some psychometric information on their reliability and validity. Administrative properties (e.g., number of items, ease of scoring, etc.) 24. Self-Report Measures of Parental Self-Efficacy: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0830-5, Development and Validation of a Short-Form Parenting Self-Efficacy Scale: Me as a Parent Scale (MaaPs-SF), Psychometric Properties of Parent Outcome Measures Used in RCTs of Antenatal and Early Years Parent Programs: A Systematic Review, Measurement Properties for a Scale Assessing Self-Regulation in Parents and Parenting Practitioners, The Self-efficacy for Parenting Adolescents Scale: Development and Initial Validation, Positive Parenting Scale (E2P): Evidence of Validity and Reliability in a Chilean Sample, Validation of the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale in Measuring Parental Self-Efficacy of Australian Fathers, Psychometric Properties of the Italian Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy (PMP S-E), Psychometric Properties of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale Among Low-Income Mexican American Mothers, Parental, child and socio-contextual factors associated with parenting self-efficacy among parents of children aged 07years old: the CIKEO study, http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/springer/rtnp/1989/00000003/00000003/art00005, http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1988-98718-011, http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1997-07792-008, http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/3640352, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. However, this can create problems in comparing and integrating knowledge concerning PSE, hampering progress in our understanding of how PSE is formed, operates and how it can be modified. Maternal confidence in toddlerhood: Its measurement for clinical practice and research. Inconsistent use of terminology, the variety of theoretical models used to inform scale development and problems with reliability and validity can also contribute to inconsistencies in the literature. Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Twenty-one measures assessed only domain-specific PSE, while ten measures assessed only domain-general PSE. Based on the known parenting and child rearing behaviors of abusive parents . 2016). (1976). Scale Percentile Classification Interpretive Guideline T-score . Focuses on three major domains of stress: child characteristics, parent characteristics and situational/demographic life stress. (1988), n=23, parents of children with ADD who got Ritalin dosages. Cheung (2000) translated the scale into Chinese for a study with parents in Hong Kong. Respondents indicate how much they agree or disagree to each of the 18 statements. c\ doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0414-6. This score should only be used as a guide because it can incorrectly imply that all measurement properties are equally as important, yet readers should consider their choice of measure based on the presence of particular criteria. Although Bot et al. 19,20,21,22,23 Higher scores indicate worse parent adjustment 0-15 Family relationships 24,25,26,27 Higher scores indicate worse family relationships 0-12 Parental Finally, narrow-domain focuses on one specific aspect of the parenting role, such as breastfeeding (Dennis and Faux 1999) or childbirth (Lowe 1993). Boivin, M., Prusse, D., Dionne, G., Saysset, V., Zoccolillo, M., & Tarabulsy, G. M., et al. doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0464-z. 0wmV5*p ?+6 l&"mCL VL:eB.)y*u?-!n~@l7hYO0q?A|Ua. Parent Teacher Self-Report Interpretive Guideline 0-4 0-4 0-3 Overly positive response style not . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(4), 295320. doi:10.1177/135581969600100410. 0000013255 00000 n Physiological reactivity to responsive and unresponsive children as moderated by perceived control. RM[ ,U HX^!Pf8}Qj]aEz@*>DJI?!A8BT *:{UM!$C g&McgFZZ{ejLj)l2lC4V".eH#cR3_d8'w[t3}^{]Jr10}$ Zh_;&\$F1UMHb9&_^~Gc~?&)a*Qsl5e 5. Sols-Cmara R.P., Salcido, P.C., Romero, M.D., & Aguirre, B.I.R. (2010) alongside 16 additional measures. Parenting style scales are used to measure the perception of parenting style either from the child's viewpoint or parent's viewpoint. Higher levels of PSE have consistently been shown to be correlated with a wide range of parenting and child outcomes. The frequency of measures that were retrospectively described by Gist and Mitchells (1992) theoretical approach to self-efficacy. This 6-hour session provides a broad overview of the Vineland-3, including administration, scoring, and basic score interpretation. Journal of personality assessment, 92(1), 26-34. High levels of stress in the parenting relationship, assessed using the PSI, have been associated with problems in parenting behavior, impaired parent-child behavior, and child psychopathology. 0000004082 00000 n With regards to the theoretical underpinnings of a measure, it is possible that measure authors simply stated they were referring to a particular theory without providing any further empirical support. CEBC Assessment Tool Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory The range of scores reported above is from a study involving 30 mothers from a group pediatric practice with a test-retest administration period of 1 to 3 months. (2002) argued that these measures have greater predictive validity than general measures of PSE. 5. The authors of the remaining measures (n=23, 67.65%) did not include any information about administration time. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. This systematic review enables users of PSE measures to identify the most appropriate theoretical and logistical measure for their needs. We would also like to set optional cookies (performance cookies). 0000010707 00000 n Prediction of preschool behavioral problems in healthy and pediatric samples. The long-term effectiveness of three cost-effective training programs for families with conduct problem children. 22. . Although there is a validity scale, research suggests that the PSI validity scales are not as good at detecting invalid responses as validity scales on the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (Milner & Crouch, 1997). (2004). Harmer, A. Items were piloted on 208 mothers of children younger than age 3 who brought their children to well-child clinics. Parenting self-efficacy (PSE) describes a parents belief in their ability to perform the parenting role successfully. The AAPI-2.1 is a 40-item inventory designed to assess the parenting and child rearing attitudes of adolescents and adult parent and pre-parent populations. %%EOF Many measures were instead developed for a range of ages. doi:10.1177/1053815108320814. Examination of the cross-cultural and cross-language equivalence of the parenting self-agency measure. To compute the parental stress score, items 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 17, and 18 should be reverse scored as follows: (1=5) (2=4) (3=3) (4=2) (5=1). Parenting Stress Index, 4th Edition | PSI-4 - PAR, Inc doi:10.1002/nur.20271. If the number is greater than 15%, despite adequate design or methods, a score of 2 is awarded. (1997). Child adjustment and parent efficacy scale: Development and initial validation of a parent report measure. Child abuse potential and parenting stress: Relationships in maltreating parents. Further evidence is seen in the relatively small number of measures included within the first of Gist and Mitchells (1992) three assessments following the initial formation of self-efficacy (analysis of task requirements). Pennell, C., Whittingham, K., Boyd, R., Sanders, M., & Colditz, P. (2012). A score of 2 or 3 on a single symptom question reflects an . For example, rnec et al. Holden, E.W., Willis, D.J., & Foltz, L. (1989). Hudson, D. B., Campbell-Grossman, C., Ofe Fleck, M., Elek, S. M., & Shipman, A. Research in Nursing and Health, 31(5), 442453. 8. Although the current as well as the 2010 review examined psychometric properties of measures, the aim of each review differed which is reflected in the modest overlap in the measures included by rnec et al. The KPCS obtained the highest score of 28, while the MSPC obtained the lowest score of 1. The Terwee et al. endstream endobj 38 0 obj [57 0 R] endobj 39 0 obj <>stream As there were more measures within this type of assessment, it is clear that the majority of measures in this review tend to investigate PSE after it has been initially formed. PubMed Our aim with this review was to provide up-to-date information for clinicians and researchers to help guide their choice of measures by systematically reviewing the literature of available measures, clarifying terminology and assessing the quality of identified measures in terms of their psychometric and administrative properties. Ustun B, Adler LA . [1] . Parenting stress index (4th ed.). [1] Internal consistency ranged from good to poor for subscales. One measure was designed for toddlers and pre-schoolers (the Fathering Self-Efficacy Scale, FSES; Sevigny et al. (1988). 0000002757 00000 n Parenting stress may be an important target for traumafocused interventions. 0000003696 00000 n but interpretation of the measure should involve . (PDF) Parenting Style Scale - ResearchGate ,Y''q 00pO %)4R i 46l-d3%;_^M h@K_ f0S (VR! In contrast, they described PSE as situation-specific and variable according to the task and the context. Gross, D., & Rocissano, L. (1988). Marital status: 77% of the mothers in the sample were married, 14% were divorced, 4% were separated, 4% never married, and 1% were widowed. The paucity of information in those areas may reflect the lack of a gold standard or the opportunity for extensive psychometric evaluation as part of one study. Thus, each measure achieved a total score ranging between 0 and 36, with a higher score indicating stronger psychometric and administrative qualities. Externalizing behaviour scale: Social problem, social behaviour, and delinquent behaviour scores. impairments in performance. Journal of Child Health Care, 22(4), 563-576. Scientific Advisory Committee of the Medical Outcomes Trust. However, parents may also be taught new skills. Where the design and method are adequate but the ICC or weighted Kappa is less than 0.70, the measure scores 2. 0000006744 00000 n S CORING KEY FOR T H E PARENTING S CALE A ll 30 item s are sco red o n a 7 po int scale, w ith lo w sco res indicating go o d parenting and high sco res indicating dysfunctio nal parenting. Vol 57(4), 550-553. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.1987.tb01456.x. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2005.00487.x. Specificity using total scores was 79%; using subscales it was 75.3%. The concept of parenting stress is one that is important for families who have experienced traumatic events. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 249-260. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18(2), 167175. If Yes, Specify Cutoffs: The normal range for scores is within the 15th to 80th percentiles. (2020) also reported positive correlations between the PSS and the Parenting Stress Index IV Short form. Leung, C., & Tsang, S. K. (2010). ACCESS for ELLs Scores and Reports | WIDA The parenting sense of competence scale: Evidence of a stable factor structure and validity. T here are The scores of normal children of the same age can be compared with the child being assessed. A., Tennant, C., & Saunders, D. (1997). The previous review of scales affirms the parenting. Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D., de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., Bouter, L. M., & de Vet, H. C. (2007). If there is no information included on floor or ceiling effects, then the measure scores 0. PDF Interpreting the PSOC: Parenting Sense of Competence Scale Only one measure, the What Being the Parent of a Baby is Like (Revised) (WPBL[R], Pridham and Chang 1989)-WPBL(R)), obtained the maximum score for this property for providing convincing arguments that there was a gold standard and their measure correlated well with this standard. As noted in the reference section, the PSI has been used in well over 500 studies. (2007) checklist appraises more psychometric properties and is therefore more comprehensive. The PSI has been used in numerous studies of adolescent mothers. 29. Education: 48% college graduates, 20% vocational training or some college, 23% high school graduates, and 9% less than 12 years of education. It was noticeable that of the 18 measures demonstrating excellent content validity, all 18 were reported in studies of psychometric properties. A review of scales of perceived parenting style - ResearchGate Ratings on this scale yielded a T-score of 73 (90% CI = 70-75), which is ranked at the 99th percentile, and falls in the Very Elevated Score 1973) and the Self-Efficacy for Parenting Tasks Indexes (SEPTI-TS, Van Rijen et al. Summary and Interpretation . PDF Construction and Validation of Scale of Parenting Style - ed Generally speaking, higher raw scores indicate higher levels of stress. The results identified that the terms efficacy, esteem, competence and confidence seemed to be used interchangeably. The parental relationship and adolescent conduct problems in Mexican American and European American families. A score of 1 is given if the design or method used to test responsiveness is doubtful, while a score of 0 is awarded if no information on responsiveness presented. No narrow-domain measures were selected because these had been excluded from the review on screening. Collecting and using evidence to enable more effective child-centred support, services and systems to improve children & young people's mental health and wellbeing. Year: 1978, 1989 Terminology has also been used interchangeably (e.g., MacPhee et al. Zelman et al. Development of a multimethod clinical protocol for assessing stimulant drug response in children with attention deficit disorder. 0000008351 00000 n Similarly, the Parental Self-Agency Measure (PSAM, Dumka et al. The PSS is intended to be used for the assessment of parental stress for both mothers and fathers and for parents of children with and without clinical problems. Only a small number of measures were identified that regard the processes after an estimation of PSE is made, suggesting that measures within these theoretical areas have obtained less attention than the processes that help to determine PSE. Australian Psychologist, 49(4), 241252. 0000004755 00000 n http://www.jstor.org/stable/353931. A T-score of 60 (ie. Scores for the six subscales in the LV and the three subscales in the SV are presented on the NSCS Parenting Profile. The Parental Stress Scale (PSS) is an 18-item questionnaire assessing parents' feelings about their parenting role, exploring both positive aspects (e.g. Assessing the experience of motherhood: the being a mother scale (BaM-13). Maternal expressed emotion, attributions and depression and entry into therapy for children with behaviour problems. What being the parent of a new baby is like: Revision of an instrument. 370 answer . doi:10.1177/019251301022008001. All valid scales will be reported and the invalid scales will be identified with an asterisk. Ballenski, C. B., & Cook, A. S. (1982). Journal of Family issues, 22(8), 944972. Self-Report Measures of Parental Self-Efficacy: A Systematic Review of doi:10.1136/ard.2003.007724. 2004 For a score of 3 it was necessary to demonstrate that participants were able to complete the measure in less than or equal to 10min. Does engaging in a group-based intervention increase parental self-efficacy in parents of preschool children? Milner, J.S., & Crouch, J.L. We have received permission from the author and copyright owner to produce and share an electronically editable PDF version of the PSS for remote working purposes. Development and validation of the Cleminshaw-Guidubaldi Parent-Satisfaction Scale. Tam, K., Chan, Y., & Wong, C.M. Long form translation available in 28 languages. Bandura (1997) coined the term self-efficacy following the development of Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) (Bandura 1997), which offers an explanation for performance in certain tasks based on the reciprocity of a) personal factors (e.g., cognitive, biological and affective events), (b) environmental events and (c) behaviour (Crothers et al. Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: the mediational role of maternal selfefficacy. PSI scores differentiate between a number of different groups. CORC is a project of the Anna Freud Centre. (2020) reported an adequate fit of a 2-factor structure. 2014), was unclear. 15. New York, NY: W.H. Scaled Scores The PSI manual, as well as the authors website, provides an exhaustive list of studies that can be referred to, depending on the relevant population. Research in Nursing and Health, 16(2), 141149. hb```f``2e`a` @1V Z`0"0U|S^F2 2003) and facilitate research into a better understanding of the difference in PSE between mothers and fathers. For 12 measures, authors reported some information on the scores obtained by their samples, but did offer adequate information, instead scoring 1 out of 3 (32.26%). Thirteen of the measures (38.24%) achieved the maximum score for this property, indicating that the authors had formed specific hypotheses about the relationship between scores on their measure and other measures of theoretically related constructs, with 75% of their findings being in accordance with their hypotheses. According to Bandura and Adams (1977), individuals draw on four sources to gauge their self-efficacy: 1.Their interpretations of their own performance (e.g., successful performances are likely to raise self-efficacy, whereas less successful performances are likely to lower it). Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(910), 14871494. Banduras (1988) work supported the notion that these processes are integrated with the four sources of information to form self-efficacy. PDF Parenting Stress Index- Short Form Guide (PSI/SF) - Authn | edX {z)4iB8s O_)iIi%%OKJK||J@>%_ /OS)||J@G38auOdD@d_yV"FcV8sR4tKuk;3 ;* Their own abilities by watching others perform a task. Parent Sense of Competency Scale (PSOC) Scoring Instructions The Parenting Sense of Competency Scale (PSOC) was developed by Gibaud-Wallston as part of her PhD dissertation and presented at the American Psychological Association by Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman in 1978. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 18(3), 210-240. doi:10.1891/1061-3749.18.3.210. Please do get in touch at CORC@annafreud.org if you are aware of any information that may be of interest to users of the PSS as we may be able to update our webpage to include it. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1(4), 287310. All scores are presented in Table1 but should be used as a guide only. 30. Parenting stress and social support of mothers who physically abuse their children in Hong Kong. Instrument: Parenting Sense of Competence scale (PSOC) Scale/Subscale Name: Parental Satisfaction. Jan Matthews, Christine Millward, Catherine Wade, Sarah L. Blower, Nicole Gridley, Maria Bryant, Cassandra L. Tellegen, Tianyi Ma, Matthew R. Sanders, Esteban Gmez Muzzio, Leyla Contreras Yvenes & Jos Pezoa Sandoval, Daniel Wright, Karli Treyvaud, Rebecca Giallo, Laura Pedrini, Clarissa Ferrari & Alberto Ghilardi, Sarah G. Curci, Linda J. Luecken & Michael C. Edwards, Journal of Child and Family Studies 1996) referred to a gold standard, but the authors did not offer convincing arguments of their standard being gold (n=2), these two measures obtained a score of 1. PSI scores correctly classified 62.2% of the mothers as abusive or nonabusive. For professionals who wish to measure PSE for new tasks, this is most accurate when using measures that can be described by Bandura and Adams (1997) sources of information and Gist and Mitchells (1992) analysis of task requirements (e.g., CAPES, KPCS or MaaP). A Total Anxiety Scale score (sum of the 5 anxiety subscales) and a Total Internalizing Scale score (sum of all 6 subscales) are derived, with higher scores indicating increased symptom severity. 3). Other Related References 1. v&GEO#1- hyQ!KDH]zG^].<=Ei\r"{xgWn^YNOcO|'(Z_W~Kr15uU~zOfSzFGHK:_W+zCSAg4 (JhN55ORG=-3MtIMc|=ASHZQSG'!d-8mo+E17`>:lI27qJ$A}^yBZWcmKazLAWGeinz^S6ZWou{U44g{1$W?AX38Bk,JKam\bpVpBV3(A)Dl3bLghq2BV,j1=g6MCL;nmbR+fk`o]t!:d4sgG Berry & Jones (1995) reported good testretest correlation over a 6-week period. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Although Terwee et al.s (2007) and Bot et al.s (2004) criteria provided a framework for a thorough evaluation, the subjective nature of identifying gold standards and the seemingly arbitrary use of time-limits and specific thresholds between adequate and inadequate have to be acknowledged. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18(3), 261-269. Richardson, R.A., Barbour, N.E., & Bubenzer, D.L. The psychometric properties mostly rigorously examined include content validity (18/34 obtained a maximum score), agreement (16/34), internal consistency (14/34), construct validity (13/34) and interpretability (12/34). xb```b``g`c` B@Q@o`&t T here are three facto rs o n the Parenting Scale: Laxness (LX ), O ver-reactivity (O R ), and H o stility (H S). Journal of Community Psychology, 22(3), 211-223. Raw scores are calculated directly from the mother's responses to the questions. Widely used. A systematic search of ten online databases was conducted in December 2014 and updated in October 2016: OVID Maternity and Infant Care, Medline, PsycINFO, PsychARTICLES, EMBASE, Health and Psychosocial Instruments database, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus and Google Scholar. Sanders, M. R. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Parenting Stress Index in a sample of low-income African-American mothers of infants and toddlers. 2016, for a detailed review), and positive change has been demonstrated to continue for at least a further 12 months (e.g., Guimond et al. 6. 0000006334 00000 n In contrast, far less attention has been paid to the assessment of reliability, MCID, responsiveness and criterion validity. Translated into multiple languages. Coleman and Karraker (1998) developed the meaning of the PSE construct, explored the relevant empirical findings and described the effect of PSE on parenting. Anastopoulos AD, et al. CEBC Assessment Tool Alabama Parenting Questionnaire It is very widely used self-report instrument and taps into both positive and negative aspects of the parent-child relationship. Cumulative environmental risk in substance abusing women: Early intervention, parenting stress, child abuse potential and child development. Many of the measures also identified part of the assessment prior to forming PSE: Analysis of task requirements (n=9), attributional analysis of experience (n=15) and/or assessment of personal and situation resources/constraints (n=19). 3 0 obj 27. Most important, Parenting Scale scores correlated significantly with observational measures of dysfunctional discipline and child misbehavior. Constructs were assigned to each measure. Correspondence to 9. An additional separate concept is parenting satisfaction: a subjective rating of contentment derived from being a parent, which influences PSE (Coleman and Karraker 2000; Rogers and White 1998). Journal of Affective Disorders, 128(1), 142152. (2013). demands on resources, feelings of stress). http://www.jstor.org/stable/583923. A score of 0 was given for no information on readability. Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Burden of ADHD. CHT !M8Cc{ L4B_NcXaOv n0}}:fkO( WxzD;W jnv:C#B.1C:bZWEsxJ/sblO& d)sJ1gCc3?#,gl8((:GPh>h_Su5jYWte"{ay]mN4AW defined eight attributes of measure properties that are essential to consider in a thorough high-standard evaluation: (1) content validity, (2) internal consistency, (3), criterion validity, (4) construct validity, (5) reproducibility, (6) responsiveness, (7) floor and ceiling effects and (8) interpretability. Interpretation A raw score for each compulsion and obsession subscale is provided in the output, along with raw scores for total impairment (range 0-48) and total symptoms (range 0-40). What is the Conners rating scale for ADHD? - Medical News Today 2. doi:10.1111/ap.12057. Instructions: All 30 items are scored on a 7 point scale, with low scores indicating good parenting and high scores indicating dysfunctional parenting. B., Wilcox, M. J., & Lamorey, S. G. (2008). Children's Obsessional Compulsive Inventory - BetterMind Software It can be completed independently, or the practitioner can read the questions out to the parent. (2018) reported a lack of correlations between the PSS and measures of childs quality of life. There are three factors on the Parenting Scale: Laxness (LX), Over-reactivity (OR), and 4 0 obj Paradoxically, there is a great deal of consistent research on the consequences of PSE (as summarised in Coleman and Karraker 2000), indicating that greater levels of PSE have beneficial and therapeutic consequences for individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) The current review identified that since 1970, 34 measures of PSE have been developed yet none have been widely adopted, indicating that measures might have been developed for specific applications. ]tR2r?^V\}b0h95pIZFe*TF[Cn*z\(^hIrm]; 4E5m~fDY> ,5sTsh>H^ZLBZ*("Od3N1%l}Q'D7Uu(j>/g-]=p'ZC =(rQ_ 75'hLf5Uu2VbToL#= ~3kaDk~[2] WP>a$"+[yrD lJEE!"7m{9H`R%yTH^cN`=KTi;T#Xr~?'OuY}e6 h'MT%+F**Uk|O}p c.LIdAVi.K(ZYXGfJUbmgzR*`#K]Wo~2$A" eqs^IONSdl;M9nO*$6Kf,d-AYw5rRh-ph;1>tCTXp+T}FGB|FUq@C'_wts\={\@v-*^Nv3 $*v\}@~>&H

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