If it happens on the right-hand side, there will be a tender swelling in the right groin. Morreli V, et al. The pain associated with an inguinal hernia varies depending on its severity, but its typically severe and lasts for several weeks. Osteoarthritis typically occurs in middle-aged or older people. However, there are various treatments that can be used to ease the pain and speed up the healing process. In this case, an orthopedic surgeon typically performs a resurfacing procedure. If youre a woman and experience pain in the lower back or side, its most likely due to kidney stones. There are a few reasons why women might feel pain in the groin area. Normally this soreness comes on gradually and bothers you only with strenuous activity. A person may experience left sided groin pain due to a health issue affecting the hip. They will perform a thorough evaluation. One of the most common causes of pain in the groin is muscle strain. Inguinal hernia. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. Groin injuries in athletes. We explain this symptom and the possible reasons for your discomfort. Once you know the root cause of your pain, treatment will begin with a urine test to check for kidney stones. The NHS recommend resting the hip and groin area for the first 2448 hours after the injury. The most common causes of groin pain in women include childbirth, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and fibroids. This particularly painful sciatic nerve condition causes pain in the inner thighs, lower abdominal areas, anal areas, and around the genital area. Each case must be treated individually, based on diagnosis and symptoms. It can be impossible to walk up stairs or get out of a chair. Tiny, fluid-filled sacs sometimes form in one or both ovaries. The pain is typically temporary and resolves with rest. I have a sharp pain in my groin area on the right side no other symptoms. PainBalance.org All rights reserved. Pregnancy-related pelvic pain is a common issue for women. And dont forget to share this blog post with your friends and family to help them get relief from their own groin pain! The NHS also advise that if pain from the injury lasts longer than 2 months, the person should see a physiotherapist. Groin pain in women can be treated with a few complementary and alternative medicine methods. The pain may be sudden, very sharp, and stabbing. Paajanen H, et al. https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-in-groin-area-female-right-side, https://www.verywellhealth.com/groin-strain-in-females-5113247, https://www.spirehealthcare.com/health-hub/specialties/womens-health/female-groin-pain/. In many cases, treatment starts by ruling out other potential causes and then addressing the underlying cause. 12 years of severe attacks of excruciating stabbing pain in right groin, 30 year old female, no hernia, lots of tests done, nothing can be found. The groin includes the pelvis and reproductive organs, as well as the muscles that stabilize the hips and pelvis. Walking engages numerous muscles, ligaments, and nearby tissues in the groin area both when you lift your leg to take a step and when your leg makes contact with the ground again. Marshfield Clinic. ive had it all day, it's a sharp stabbing pain that's became more frequent as the nights went on. These sacs, called ovarian cysts, are common and typically form during ovulation. For women, groin pain can be a pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis. Wear clothing that is loose around the groin and abdomen. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. There are many causes of groin pain in women, but the most common is hip fracture. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. An inguinal hernia is a type of hernia that occurs in the lower abdomen. There are many different causes of kidney stones, and each person may experience them differently. All rights reserved. By recognizing the signs of an infection and getting treatment early, you can prevent further complications from occurring. I have pain in my groin. Groin pain that occurs on the left side in women is often caused by things like injury, UTI, and kidney stones, but it could be due to another less common condition. sciatica, according to well-worn evidence, causes chronic pain in the buttocks and groin. My bloods came back fine but the CT showed my lymph nodes were raised all over so they did more investigations. It can be difficult to pinpoint the exact reasons for female groin or pelvic pain. Written by Jack Wilkinson, MD. The leg pain can be particularly difficult and may feel similar to sciatica or pain caused by a lumbar disc herniation. However, it is important to avoid long periods of inactivity; a person should move the area gently for 1020 seconds every hour during the day. What Does a female groin strain feel like? But sudden, intense, or chronic pain may indicate an underlying cause that needs medical treatment. Occasionally, however, you may need to see a physical therapist who is skilled in treating lymphedema (swelling of the lymph nodes) to resolve this condition. Groin pain can occur for many reasons. Over time, OA can also lead to pain in the thigh and buttocks. Groin muscle strain or tear typically causes pain in inner thigh. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Females may experience stabbing pain on the left side of the groin for many reasons. The pain may be sudden and come and go. Most groin strains heal on their own. Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, uterus round ligament. 4. Treatment often requires a combination of therapies, including rest, medications, and physical therapy. The pain may be stabbing and sharp and may extend within the groin. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. Round-ligament pain is typically relieved with rest (lying on your side with your hips bent can be beneficial). Unexplained weight loss. When should I go to the doctor for groin pain female? Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? Adductor strain. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. This causes increased friction with hip movement and can lead to a build-up of excess bone. The doctor may recommend waiting for up to 6 weeks for the stone to pass providing that the pain is bearable, there is no sign of infection, and the kidney is not fully blocked. Get 200 HealthCash. If youre experiencing groin pain and you cant seem to find an answer for it, then its time to see a doctor. (2019). The pain can occur on one or both sides of the body and is typically provoked by activities like: During pregnancy, modifying your activities and wearing a support belt can help reduce the frequency and intensity of SPD symptoms. Posted 10 years ago, 52 users are following. Once you have a diagnosis, your provider can design a treatment plan that is right for you. Groin pain in women is not a fun experience. An inguinal hernia occurs when contents of the abdomen bulge through a weakened area in one of two passages on either side of the groin, called the inguinal canals. Resting and soaking your pelvic area can also help to relieve symptoms quickly. This consists of the urethra and bladder. The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system and are located on either side of the uterus. To help ease it, a woman can: SPD is sometimes known as pelvic girdle pain. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can help with this process. Many things can cause a pinched nerve. It can be caused by many different factors, but the 13 most common ones are as follows: Groin Strain. Theres no mistaking groin pain in women it can be agonizing! What is the latest research on the form of cancer Jimmy Carter has? Medical News Today only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. If the pain is severe, surgery may be required. Reply #14 on: May 30, 2013, 04:20:18 PM . Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Included is detail on diagnosis and exercises you can do to relieve a strain. Hip fractures. help? In addition to medications, specific procedures can help pelvic or groin nerve pain. Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. Reasons why a woman might experience groin pain on the right side include arthritis, hernia, ovarian cyst, pinched nerve, UTI, and ovarian cyst. There are many reasons why a woman might experience pain in the groin area, and it can be caused by different things like structural abnormalities or childbirth. Some common symptoms include extreme cramping, irregular blood pressure, and severe pain in the lower back or side. You should seek emergency medical help if, along with your groin pain, you experience: Your doctor may use one or more of the following tests to help diagnose the cause: Left-sided groin pain isnt always something to worry about. Crutches, in particular, need to be professionally fitted.Also, for an insurance plan to cover the cost, the device generally needs to be ordered by a physician. Types of pelvic pain include: a sharp, stabbing or burning pain that happens suddenly This ligament expansion can cause sharp, stabbing sensations in the groin or lower abdominal region. In some cases, the pain in your groin could be caused by a condition called a sports hernia. Hip impingement, also known as femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is another bone-related condition that can lead to groin pain. Groin pain could be caused due to ligament,which is strong band of soft tissue that connects and supports the bones. If youre experiencing pelvic pain that doesnt go away with simple treatment measures like rest and ice packs, its important to get checked out by a doctor. These conditions typically occur only on one side of the groin area, so it is possible to experience them on your right side as well. The pain from hip impingement is typically centered in the groin, but it can also extend to the outside of the hip. Ligament can be injured if it gets tore or otherwise damaged by overuse of ligaments during physical activities like running. In the meantime, keep trying the home remedies suggested below. Severe and steady pain. Take a pain medication such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), like ibuprofen or naproxen (Aleve), to reduce pain and inflammation. The pain from appendicitis is typically located on the right side of the lower portion of the stomach near the groin. For potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local emergency service. Burning, aching, tingling, stabbing or numbness in the thigh. It can be caused by a variety of factors, some of which are temporary and others more serious. Occasionally, physical therapy, a cortisone injection, or anti-inflammatory pain medications may also be necessary if the pain persists. The lymph nodes swell as a reaction to an infection or, sometimes, due to an immune system disorder. Mostly not serious. Sports hernias, like adductor strains, traditionally occur while playing activities like hockey or soccer that involve a lot of cutting or quick changes in direction. However, one of the most common culprits is enlarged lymph nodes. Along with sharp pain, appendicitis can cause: Once appendicitis is diagnosed with an MRI or CT scan, the appendix is typically removed by a general surgeon with a laparoscopic procedure. Urinary tract infections (UTI) occur when bacteria enter the body via the urethra (the tube through which urine leaves your body) and infect your urinary tract. Degenerative Disc Disease: Can Injections Help Relieve Back Pain? Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Nodes in the groin region (called the inguinal or femoral lymph nodes) may grow in size due to an injury or infection in your foot, leg, groin, or vagina. But fret not, because there are many causes and treatments for groin pain in women. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2809170/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499970/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3364059/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493166/, https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/ovarian-cysts, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539572/, https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pelvicfloor, https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy/complications/pelvic-pain-pregnancy, https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/appendicitis/treatment, Cardiovascular health: Insomnia linked to greater risk of heart attack. It may also cause: Most cysts, even those that cause pain, will go away on their own in one to three months. Learn about some causes of swollen lymph nodes in. If you experience pain or swelling in the groin area, dont hesitate to consult your doctor for an evaluation. Inguinal hernias are another possible cause of one-sided groin pain. The issue can also cause a pulling sensation within the abdomen. Medical News Today only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. You may need surgery to repair a broken bone or to address an inguinal hernia. Pelvic floor dysfunction. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? Because of those factors, PCS is common among pre-menopausal women or women who have had two pregnancies. Furthermore, sure to the network of muscles, nerves, and joints in this region, pain may also indicate . During pregnancy, the expanding uterus puts a lot of pressure on the lower half of the body, including the soft tissue that supports the pelvis. Make sure to see your doctor if youre experiencing pain that doesnt go away with self-care measures. This means that infectious bacteria or matter can more quickly and easily travel up the urinary tract to the bladder and, in some cases, up the ureters that connect the bladder to the kidneys. Overall, if the pain is severe, a person should seek professional care right away. Births: 3 children (now in late teens) by caesarean sections. Bloody, dark or . A female groin strain can feel very painful and is often due to overuse or stretching of the muscles surrounding the vagina or uterus. These nerves control the feeling and strength in your legs and can cause pain when they are pinched, or compressed. Learn more about the potential causes and treatment options here. A person may need surgery if an ovarian cyst: If pain in the abdomen or groin is intense or accompanies a fever, a racing heart, or weakness, seek emergency medical care. Read More. Aromatherapy: Aromatherapy may help to relieve pain by improving mood and relaxation. Some of the more serious causes of female groin pain include appendicitis, ovarian cysts, or even cancer. This then becomes a dull ache. Cysts don't usually cause symptoms. Download FREE Practo app. a grinding or clicking sensation in the pubic area, pain that worsens when parting the legs or leaning on one leg, pain triggered by certain activities, such as walking or climbing the stairs, pain medication, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), alternative therapies, such as yoga and massage, Avoid bending, heavy lifting, and strenuous activity before consulting a doctor or for. Learn more about the potential causes of groin pain, as well as the treatment options available, here. Learn more about the causes and their. Problems with the pelvic floor muscles can cause a wide range of symptoms, including groin or hip pain. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. Pelvic floor disorders can develop when the muscles and connective tissue in the area weaken due to childbirth, age, surgery, or obesity, for example. Seven things to know about the pain from pubic symphysis. It may present as a groin strain, a dull ache, or a stabbing, sharp pain along the thigh region. Femoroacetabular impingement. It usually needs to be surgically stabilized within a day or two by an orthopedic surgeon to prevent further damage. If you experience severe trauma or compression to the pelvic area, its important to seek medical help right away. Like all lymph nodes, they can get inflamed and enlarged by the presence of infections, inflammation, or tumors. Severe sprains can cause pain while you walk or even while you are at rest. A person should stay hydrated as usual during this time. A kidney stone is a small mass of miniature, crystal-like structures that originates in the kidney. There are several possible causes of a lump in or near the groin, some of which can resolve without medical treatment. (2019). If you are experiencing pain in this area, make an appointment with your doctor for a check-up. When this occurs in the groin, it typically involves a group of muscles called your adductors, which are located on the inside of your thigh. Another option is a total hip replacement. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Pain on the outer thigh, which may extend down to the outer side of the knee. There are many different causes of groin pain, including muscle strain, a urinary tract infection, osteoarthritis, kidney stones, and pregnancy. Also, it is important to note that severe, sudden pain can indicate that a hernia is cutting off blood flow within the intestines, in which case it is called a strangulated hernia. I have a sharp stabbing pain in my groin which gets worse during the course of the day and back pain? They develop when an egg is not released from the ovary as it should, leading to an accumulation of fluid within the ovarian cavity. Other treatments may require surgery such as injections into the joint or surgery to remove the cause of pain. This is done by covering or capping the femoral head with a metal shell. A strain can occur on the left or right side. According to Tommys, a British pregnancy charity, as many as 1 in 5 women experience pelvic pain during pregnancy. A person first experiences pain near the belly button. Pain on the right side of the groin can occur for various reasons, and some are more serious than others. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. It happens to people who do not warm up the muscles and get into vigorous exercise or any other activity. It may help to use a heating pad on the groin for 510 minutes, three or four times a day. Bisciotti, GN et al. New research has found that there may be an ideal mix of non-opioid medication that can effectively treat lower back pain in many patients. In some situations, cysts can cause pain in the lower abdomen or groin region. Here's what may be causing pain in your lower left abdomen. Former President Jimmy Carter entered hospice care at home, the Carter Center announced over the weekend. There are many possible causes for pelvic pain in women. Due to its placement, groin pain can be anything from a mild nuisance to a major hindrance on daily activities. Ovarian cyst. It can be caused by many different factors, but the 13 most common ones are as follows: Groin pain is a common issue for women, and can be caused by a variety of activities. UTIs are more common in women than men because the urethra is much shorter. The pain can begin suddenly and worsen when the person moves, takes a deep breath, or sneezes. So, dont suffer in silence get treatment for hip impingement today! If youre experiencing groin pain in women, its important to know that there is no one-size-fits-all treatment. These happen when tissues in your abdomen, like your small intestines, slip through openings or weak areas in your groin muscles into the side of your groin (the left side, if your pain is on the left). Groin pain in females is most often caused by muscle strain. By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. Because of this, it's best to speak to a healthcare provider immediately if you suspect you have a kidney stone to ensure you get the appropriate treatment. To help with recovery, your primary healthcare provider may suggest: Another common cause of groin pain is osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Foundation. It can cause deep shooting or stabbing pain in the groin, vagina, rectum, or stomach. If a cyst isn't going away, you may need surgery to remove it. Have a light subtle sharp throbbing intermittent pain in left groin area (female) kinda where body meets leg . A strain or tear of this ligament can result in an intense, sometimes stabbing pain on either side of your groin, including the left side. This can often be treated without surgery, but if it is severe or ongoing then surgery may be required. Rarely, swollen lymph nodes may indicate a tumor. Groin pain can occur for many reasons. In most instances, smaller kidney stones can pass through the body on their own. In some cases, a cyst forms around the ovary. It may arise when a woman changes position or climbs the stairs. And dont forget to wear comfortable clothing that supports your lower abdomen- groin area when youre able to get out and about. Most ovarian cysts are small and located in the lower abdomen, but they can also occur in other parts of the body. One example is round-ligament pain. What can cause groin pain on the right in females? And the hip is the most common place for this to occur. Many different things can cause this type of condition, including: In some cases, however, it can be difficult to find a direct cause. This issue arises when a nerve called the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (which provides sensation to the front and side of your thigh) becomes compressed. According to a 2012 case report, SPD occurs in 31.7% of pregnant women. It can cause pain in the lower abdomen that may radiate to the groin and legs. Treatment typically involves conservative treatment such as pain relief, but larger cysts may require surgery. For women, groin pain can be a pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis. The groin is the area of the body where your stomach meets your leg and can be the source of pain that ranges from mild to severe. While this organ serves no useful purpose, in some cases, it can become infected or inflamed. Pressure or heaviness deep within your pelvis. Examples of nerve blocks include pudendal, ilioinguinal, or obturator nerve blocks. However, healing can take up to eight weeks for more severe injuries. In the meantime, keep taking pain relievers and rest as much as possible. Pregnancy-related symphysis pubis dysfunction management and postpartum rehabilitation: Two case reports. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Inguinal hernias are more common, especially in men. Several factors increase your risk of developing a UTI: UTIs can cause a cramping sensation in your groin or the lower portion of your stomach. Injections directing cortisone and local anesthetic to the site of trapping can lower pain. DOI: womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/body-changes-and-discomforts, mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351547, 12 Reasons You Might Be Experiencing Pain in the Right Side of Your Groin. Monique Rainford, MD, isboard-certified in obstetrics-gynecology, and currently serves as an Assistant Clinical Professor at Yale Medicine. Most of the kidney problems affect the left groin region and cause stabbing pain. In this article, we look at what can cause a female to experience pain in the right side of the groin, when to seek professional care, and which treatments can help. Often, lymph nodes will get swollen on only one side of the body, which could be the left side. Osteitis pubis pain is typically located in the groin, lower abdomen, or just above your vaginal area. Took them a while but they did a lymph node biopsy and it was . Well also talk about the different types of treatments and how to prevent it from happening in the first place. See your doctor as soon as possible if your groin pain disrupts your daily life or cant be treated at home. Get your query answered 24*7 with Expert Advice and Tips from doctors for Sharp stabbing pain in groin female | Practo Consult. After 48 hours, try to increase the movement. Pain on the right side of the groin may signal a problem with the muscles in this area, the reproductive organs, or the lower digestive tract. In this article, we look at the potential causes of pain in the groin and down the leg and their treatment options. Doctors typically provide answers within 24 hours. There are various treatments available for UTIs, including antibiotics and antiseptic creams. Chaudhry, S. R., & Chaudhry, K. (2020). now having sharp and burning pain behind knee. It was then they noticed my groin nodes were increased and also my spleen had shadowy areas. This procedure typically involves removing the excess bone growth on the femoral head or acetabulum and cleaning up any damage it has caused within the hip. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? This type of injury typically occurs while performing a sport or exercise that involves: In addition to pain in the groin, a strain can make lifting your leg or moving your thigh closer to your other leg painful. 2. It is common to be sick (vomit). In some women, it is severe enough to interrupt sleep and disrupt daily activities. It can cause deep shooting or stabbing pain in the groin, vagina, rectum, or stomach. They can provide treatment and recommend exercises to do at home. Continuing . This can be caused by an overstretch of the abdominal muscles and ligaments, or from pressure on the intestines when they exit through the inguinal opening. Round ligament pain occurs when the growing uterus strains the ligaments that secure the uterus to the pelvis. . If you are suffering from groin pain, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Nerve damage and compression can also cause groin pain. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. One of the most common nerve conditions that causes groin pain is meralgia paresthetica. The pain is sudden and sometimes crippling where I have to sit down immediately. A healthcare professional can discuss safe options, and they may recommend: If a groin strain is causing the left sided pain, the RICE technique may help. As the ligaments stretch, they can spasm and cause pain. In many cases, pelvic floor exercises and strain relief techniques are the best way to get relief. Re: Sharp stabbing groing pain. In addition, pelvic floor dysfunction can lead to pain during sexual activity. Although it is similarly named, a sports hernia differs from a hiatal hernia or an inguinal hernia. Female groin pain can be caused due to a number of reasons ranging from infections to injury. Endometriosis treatment tends to involve pain relief medications, hormone therapy, and in severe cases, surgery. This is a broad term referring to any strain or sprain of a ligament, muscle, or tendon in the lower stomach or groin region. The round ligament is a supportive structure that spans from your uterus to the groin region. It is worse when the hip is flexed, for example, while sitting in a low chair or while driving. One common symptom of an ovarian cyst on the left ovary is groin pain that radiates outward from the left side of your groin area toward the hips and lower abdomen. This extreme pain usually makes it nearly impossible to bear weight on your leg. A hernia in the left groin can cause pain, other discomfort, and a feeling of heaviness in the area. What causes swollen lymph nodes in the groin? Groin pain might be worsened by continued use of the injured . Although most hernias cause no pain, some people experience a . If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. Learn more about the potential causes of groin pain, as well as the treatment options available, here. Usually, treating the underlying injury or infection helps to reduce lymph node pain and swelling. Osteitis pubis refers to the pain and swelling that can occur when the area where your pelvic bones meet (called the pubic symphysis) becomes inflamed. Sharp pains or cramping. Ovarian cysts are sacs filled with fluid that can form on one or both ovaries. Yoga: Yoga has been shown to improve groin pain relief in women by reducing inflammation and tension in the pelvic area. Some of these conditions are related to physical activity, some to aging, and others to underlying conditions. Or sciatica. Tim Petrie, DPT, OCS, is a board-certified orthopedic specialist who has practiced as a physical therapist for more than a decade. Dull pain in lower back too . Groin pain can also be related to pregnancy. * Osteoarthritis$(OA) * Femoroacetabular$$$$$ Impingement$(FAI) * Labraltears$$ * Bursitis * Tendonitis$ Avoid any activity that worsens symptoms. The pain from OA is typically worse in the morning and after a long period of activity. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-36569-0_57, https://www.royalberkshire.nhs.uk/patient-information-leaflets/maternity-physio---round-ligament-pain-in-pregnancy.htm, https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/endometriosis, https://bcmj.org/worksafebc/groin-pain-diagnosis, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535449/, https://www.markfieldmedicalcentre.org.uk/images/Groin_Pain_-_Patient_Information_and_Exercises.pdf, https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/groin-pain-or-swelling, https://www.berkshirehealthcare.nhs.uk/media/168337/groin-strain_leaflet.pdf, https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/hip-bursitis, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hip-impingement, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3364059/, https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/inguinal-hernia, https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy/complications/pelvic-pain-pregnancy, https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2012/bcr-2012-007526, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279502/, https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/kidney-stones.

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