According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? b. 68. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. 44. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. d. it is too narrow in certain ways. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. 163. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. This is an example of behavior modification using: b. biological forces, culture, and learning. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. 114. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. 113. Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. Unconditioned means unlearned. d. fixation. d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. 2.2.3.2. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. 2.3.1.5. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. 162. b. ego. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. c. manifest content. A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? This is called the. a. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. c. cognitive c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. Participants have similar issues. 59. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. c. deep brain stimulation. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. b. existential therapy. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. 22. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. b. exposure therapy. 70. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. Communication in the nervous system. 2.2.3.3. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress 118. The development of personality. 90. c. transference. They are tied to experiences early in life. But before these diagnostic categories d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. c. irrational patterns of thinking. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. b. early childhood trauma. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. 158. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. 103. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. 86. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. 12. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. 165. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. 19. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. 15. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. c. unconditional positive regard. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. They are tied to experiences early in life. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. 122. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. b. anxiety disorders. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? 2.2.1.6. d. lend itself easily to research. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. The strategies arise from all three learning models. 166. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. 151. c. cognitive-behavioral a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. 93. 126. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. d. countertransference. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. d. disengaged. c. neurotransmitters. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. This thought is an example of: a. depression. In this case, extinction continues. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. c. superego. Operant conditioning. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. b. modeling. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? Maybe I am not paid weekly now. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. a. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? b. exposure a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. 47. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. See Figure 2.1 below. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. This is a physical aspect of what disease? b. cognitive-behavioral Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. 2.3.2.1. d. secondary process thought. Neural transmission. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. This approach to learning was called connectionism. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. I know my grandmother used to. d. cognition-focused. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. I bet the bad behavior ended too. d. damage control. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. a. psychodynamic a. psychoanalysis. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. d. genes. 67. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. 2.2.2.1. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. b. good long-term prognoses. Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. c. sociocultural a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. What is learning and what forms does it take? The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). 115. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. d. indicator of psychological conflict. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. That is the idea, at least. Step 1 Neurons waiting to fire are said to be in, Step 2 If adequately stimulated, the neuron experiences an, Step 3 Once the action potential passes from one segment of the axon to the next, the previous segment begins to, Step 4 After the neuron fires, it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives. b. axons. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. 119. b. behavioral-focused Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. c. They explain outside influences and past events. b. humanistic. 74. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. 80. b. develop depression even when not under stress. A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? As such, he continues to steal her toys. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . A story will illustrate the latter. Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. 2.3.3.6. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. What happens at the synapse during neural transmission? Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? d. brain circuits. Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. 52. 77. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. During repolarization the neuron will not fire no matter how much stimulation it receives. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. b. biological. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. c. Beck. 2.3.4. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. b. unconditional self-regard. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. d. known risk and protective factors. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. 128. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. c. gestalt therapy. This newer type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes recognizing problematic thoughts as thoughts rather than judging them, acting on them, or fruitlessly trying to change them. "That's all right. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. What is it? c. congenital malformations. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. We will cover this process in three parts. b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem.

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